Outsiders; ‘Norm and Ahmed’, “Happy Feet” and “The Arrival”

An Outsider is a person who is excluded from, or is not a member of a group. They can be seen to be merely out of place. Other factors, however, can make a person in the ‘right place’ feel like they do not belong. This is evident when exploring Alex Buzo’s script â€Å"Norm and Ahmed†, George Miller’s animation film â€Å"Happy Feet† and the Shaun Tan’s graphic novel â€Å"The Arrival†. Through utilising a range of language features and techniques, composers are able to emphasise the idea of ‘the outsider’ in these three texts. Alex Buzo’s script â€Å"Norm and Ahmed† depicts a late-night encounter between a typical old Australian working class man and a young Pakistani undergraduate. The concept of outsiders is explored in great detail throughout the script. At first, Ahmed appears to be the clear outsider in the script, as the stage directions and choice of costume are used to convey his sense of alienation and discomfort with the situation; a dark skinned person wearing a â€Å"Nehru-styled suit† acting â€Å"edges away warily†, â€Å"taking them cautiously† suggesting Ahmed’s agitation and fear when interacting with Norm. Register is also used to demonstrate that Ahmed does not belong, for even though he speaks English fluently, his extremely formal language and perfect grammar such as â€Å"I crave your forgiveness†, reveal him to be the outsider. This contrasts with Norm’s very Australian colloquialisms and slang, â€Å"bash you†, â€Å"old piss-pots†, â€Å"poofter† showing his ease with the Australian dialect. These factors all combine to make Ahmed seem to be feeling as if he is in the wrong place. Another character who seems to be in the wrong place is the protagonist in the graphic novel â€Å"The Arrival†. Shaun Tan uses a sequence of photos showing the protagonist going through customs in a new country. The character’s gestures, such as outstretched palms and scratching his head signify confusion as well as his frustrated facial expressions all show him to be misunderstood. Finally, the picture showing his bent over with his head in his hands shows his helplessness and feeling of defeat. This character feels out of place; an outsider. This feeling is also evident in the film â€Å"Happy Feet†. Mumble’s sense of exclusion is accentuated in the graduation party scene, where the camera pans from group of penguin singing and dancing in unison to a single tap dancing penguin, Mumble, who is facing the wrong way. There is some empty space between him and the group, which also physically shows his outsider status. The following scene shows him exiled to a small dark iceberg looking up at the party in the distance. It is a low angle wide shot making him look small and lonely in comparison. This all contributes to the idea that he is an outsider, although technically he is in the right place. Mumble’s outsider status shows that being in the wrong place is only one element contributing to the notion of an outsider. Many other reasons for being an outsider have been explored through these three texts. The animated film â€Å"Happy Feet† is about a young penguin, Mumble who is expelled from his penguin community because he dances his feelings, rather than singing them. The animators highlight Mumble’s lack of belonging by making him physically different from the other penguins, he has blue eyes and keeps his baby feathers when his peers are fully developed. Mumble is initially considered part of the penguin community but his differences in appearance and ability act as barriers which prevent him from being an insider. Even though technically he is in the ‘right place’, he is still an outsider. Another character who appears to be in the ‘right place’ but reveals himself to be an outsider, is Norm. Initially Norm engineers the conversation with Ahmed by pretending not to have a lighter. Later he admits, â€Å"I get a little lonely (†¦) I like to have a nice chat with a bloke (†¦) A bloke like you, for instance†. Norm’s obvious loneliness adds to his outsider status. He doesn’t belong to a close family or social group and is compelled to talk to strangers. Norm’s age, education and social class all contribute to make him part of a dying breed, the â€Å"old school Australian†. He does not necessarily belong in the emerging multicultural Australia that Ahmed embodies. By saying â€Å"I was only thinking that if you didn’t have a dark skin you’d be alright. I mean, it’d be all right for you to stay here, like, get a job and stay in this country. †, he reveals his racism and rejection of multiculturalism. His subsequent senseless beating of Ahmed also demonstrates Norm’s instability and violence and this further reinforces his outsider status. By breaking the laws of society, he automatically becomes an outsider to the mainstream. Norm and Mumble are not the only characters who are becoming outsiders in their own place. In â€Å"The Arrival†, Tan draws with great detail, a bleak city with huge, ominous, black shadows resembling dragon’s tails suggesting evil all over the buildings and roads. A high angle long shot shows how insignificant his family is in this big, empty city. This reveals a growing sense of insecurity and uncertainty of the family’s future in their own country. They no longer feel as though they belong there. Therefore after studying the three texts, it is apparent that the sentence â€Å"An outsider is merely just a person in the wrong place† is only partially correct. Ahmed, Mumble and the persona in the Arrival are all outsiders by virtue of being in the wrong place; Ahmed with his extremely formal language, brown skin and his foreign attire, the persona in â€Å"The Arrival† with his language barrier and Mumble for his inability to sing. However, although Mumble can’t sing, he is a penguin and is therefore technically in the’right place’. He is an outsider because he looks and acts differently to the other penguins. The persona â€Å"The Arrival† leaves his homeland because he is starting to feel like an outsider in his own place, as does Norm with his racism, loneliness and violence. In conclusion; anyone, in any place can be an outsider.

Theme of the Road Not Taken

In life decisions have to be made. Some are regular every day choices that have little impact on your life. Others however, can change your life forever. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† Robert Frost uses sound, figurative language, diction to illustrate the importance of every day decisions and the regret you get when you think about those decisions later in life. Once the first stanza is read the first example of sound is revealed. The rhyme scheme in this poem is ABAAB. The words that rhyme in the first stanza are â€Å"wood/stood/could† (lines 1, 3, and 4) and â€Å"both/undergrowth† (lines 2 and 5). These rhymes give the poem a sense of connectivity and flow. They also emphasize certain ideas in the poem such as the fact that both paths were equal in every way and none had been traveled before as he states in stanza two. Also alliteration is present in the poem. In line eight, alliteration makes the poem flow more poetically. â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear;† (line 8). The â€Å"wa† sound repeats itself in the last two words of the line. These examples of sound make a poem that should sound uneven flow like a poem should. Figurative language in a poem can intensify any meaning greatly. For example Frost uses personification and imagery to create pictures in our head of what the forest looks like and gives personality to inanimate objects. For example, when Frost says â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear† (line 8) in line eight he uses personification. A road cannot want anything but it does give the road the personality that it has not been traveled ever before. Also he gives imagery when he says the forest is a â€Å"yellow wood† (line 1) which gives the impression that the leaves have fallen off the trees and it is autumn time in the forest. Autumn in literature represents the coming of old age and wisdom but the character still has a feeling of fulfillment. So in the poem the character could be nearing the end of his journey with a feeling of riches and fulfillment but a final decision might determine his destiny. Finally diction in this poem creates the theme and gives the poem the regretful and remorseful feeling we get at the end. In the final stanza he says that â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence. † (lines 16 and17). Now, when someone tells a story with a sigh it means that they might regret the story they are about to tell. The character probably second guesses himself on the decision he made years ago and wonders what he would be like if he had chosen the other path. Even as he makes the choice (as he knows he has to or else he will not get anywhere) he knows that whatever path he chooses he will never know what lies on the other side. This is why he always tells his story with a sigh. Decisions in life are hard to make and sometimes can be overwhelming. Frost uses sound, figurative language, and diction to communicate what decisions can lead to later in life. The poem explains that in life there is not a right or wrong path. There are just many paths that are equal and have different outcomes. This leads to people second guessing themselves later in life and wondering about the unknowable path that they did not take. This means that no matter what path you choose something is going to happen and you have to accept it. Therefore, in life it doesn’t matter if you make the right or wrong decisions just seize the day.

Analysis of the Public and Private Sports Industry

Analysis of the Public and Private Sports Industry Public, private and voluntary sectors in the sports industry, advantages and disadvantages of the leisure centre being in the public sector, how the local leisure centre can meet the aim of getting more local clubs to use its facilities. Introduction â€Å"Since the opportunity to participate in sport or recreation requires facilities, the central task of organisations, and associated individuals, is to provide a service which focuses on people and which satisfies that need.† [1] The sports industry has changed beyond all recognition since the beginning of the 1990’s in each of the public, private and voluntary sectors. The impetus has come from top level government policy with the creation of the UK Sports Council and the formation of the chief sporting bodies such as Sport England offering both funding and structure to the previously ad hoc nature of leisure and recreation in modern Britain. Moreover, the lure of professional sport has also irrevocably changed in tan dem with the structural changes in amateur sport with the result that there is, at the dawn of the twenty first century, more people are taking an active part in sport, which has further increased the pressure on local services such as leisure centres. There are though vast differences between the way that the public and private sector sports providers are run and funded as shall now become apparent. The Private Sector With regards to the sports industry, the private sector refers to those leisure services that are funded by private capital and open only to private membership. This can mean anything from specialist professional sports clubs to health and fitness clubs to local sports teams that have been established and sponsored by local and national businesses alike. The advantages of this kind of sporting industry are predominantly economic with the funding of private sports clubs historically far outstripping the economic resources available to equivalent public sector sports se rvices. Certainly in the 1970’s and 1980’s, private sector sports industries were far more popular and productive than their public sector counterparts mirrored in the elevated sporting achievements of private school sporting institutions as opposed to the relative failings of the same public (comprehensive) school sports bodies. There are, however, inherent disadvantages to sports and leisure services that rely exclusively on the private sector for funding. First and foremost, there are no guarantees that the source of that funding will remain constant for any fixed length of time. Benefactors are subject to the ups and downs of the free market economy, which can result in sharp reductions – as well as rises – in the level of funding provided. In addition, any leisure service that is inexorably tied to the private sector also inevitably suffers from the lack of community spirit that can only be adequately garnered through association with the local publi c authorities. Thus, while the advantages to sports services in the private sector appear on the surface to be all encompassing, the reality is that the lack of stability that characterises all facets of the private sector economy hampers the sustained growth and popularity.

Front-end Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Front-end Web - Essay Example ne criteria for general organizational conformity, identity proofing services, credential strength, and credential management services against which all CSPs will be evaluated. The LIAF will also establish Credential Assessment Profiles (CAPs) for each level of assurance that will be published and updated as needed to account for technological advances and preferred practice and policy updates. Managing risk in electronic transactions requires authentication and identity information management processes that provide an appropriate level of assurance of identity. Each level describes a different degree of certainty in the identity of the claimant, because different levels of risk are associated with different electronic transactions. For authentication purposes, the claimant is required to prove that he or she controls the token, through a secure authentication protocol. The claimant must also unlock the token first using a biometric or password, and use the password to establish 2-factor authentication in a secure authentication protocol. Whenever Long-term shared authentication secrets used, they are revealed only to the verifiers and claimant operated directly by the CSP (Credentials Service Provider), although temporary or session shared secrets may be disclosed to independent verifiers by the Credentials Service Provider. Approved cryptographic techniques are used for all operations. Assertions issued about claimants as a result of a successful authentication are either cryptographically authenticated by relying parties, or are obtained directly from a trusted party via a secure authentication protocol. (Updated Liberty Identity Assurance Framework (IAF) Based upon Public Review. Retrieved from Level 4 is based on proof of possession of a key through a cryptographic protocol. This Level is like to Level 3 but allows only hard cryptographic tokens, in the form of a physical token that cannot be copied readily. There is requirement of strong cryptographic

Principles of Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 6

Principles of Economics - Assignment Example This is a factor that will result in students missing on the services and others will opt to park out of school wile others will be forced to use other means of transportation that are likely to inconvenience them more. Employed students will feel the pinch the most. Their time will be wasted with most of them opting for external parking. Unemployed students have adequate time to look for parking and if not for the rush to class, they will be the greatest benefactors of the lowered parking prices. Opportunity cost refers to the loss of one alternative when the other is chosen. 100 bats are equivalent to the production of 400 rackets. Producing an additional 100 bats will thus result in the loss of 400 rackets. The larger trade off is brought about by the equal rate of producing the two items in the second scenario. While the other will result in the loss of more rackets, the second scenario results in the loss of 100 rackets. This is more admissible than in the first case. f. Suppose Athletic Country is currently producing 200 bats and 200 rackets. How many additional bats could they produce without giving up any rackets? How many additional rackets could they produce without giving up any bats? (4 Marks) The production of equal number of the two simply results in equal number of either item in case of a trade-off. In this scenario, one bat or racket traded off results in the loss of one racket or bat preferred over the other. This type of production is efficient as it ensures effective returns for the capital invested. In case of an increased demand on either of the two, the firm simply halts the production of the other thereby maximising on the capital. In order to reduce smoking, the government places an additional tax of  £2 on a pack of twenty cigarettes. After one month, while the price to the consumer has increased a great deal, the quantity

Forum on Executive Branch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forum on Executive Branch - Essay Example The timely and intelligent use of words expressing his concern towards the Americans and aboriginal people also plays a vital role in convincing the people with his rationale. For instance, while discussing Indian removal obliquely, the use of terms "physical comforts" and "moral improvements of the Indians" in context of the resources that will be provided to Indian after their removal simply convey that the President aims to preserve the security and wellbeing of the United States of the America. Moreover, at the very outset of his speech, he mentions the absence of danger from external foes due to the unexampled growth and prosperity of the country during his reign. This way, he successfully manages to grapple the attention of the people from the very start. In short, it is pertinent to say that his attempt to make his policies sound practically acceptable through the use of appropriate words and logical arguments is responsible for making this particular speech stand apart from

Relationships in the Church of Christ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Relationships in the Church of Christ - Essay Example cans and African Americans, the thesis would try to define the role of Church of Christ in uniting these two cross cultural communities and study its influence in promoting leadership qualities for acculturation. The two ethnic communities; Mexican-American and African-American are characterized by their vastly different cultures and individual set of cross cultural problems. But the social barriers have been overcome to build a society where these two different communities collaborate and mutually support each other and successfully help build relationships within the Church of Christ. The study would make efforts to compare the two groups’ leadership roles, on the basis of their assimilation, integration and cross-cultural communication and study the predominant influence of Church of Christ in prevailing over language, race and socio-economic constraints. The thesis aims to collect relevant data through comprehensive interview schedules and study the historical importance of 8th Street Church of Christ in San Jose, CA. in consolidating and uniting the congregation that is defined by its diversity in terms of language and culture. The scope of the thesis would include the study of Church of Christ, incorporating various factors like: organization of church services, integration of funds, language barriers, translation of sermons, communication between the eldership and deacons, individual thoughts of leaders, how scripture defines leadership roles etc., which determine the impact of Church in promoting and building social relationships that transcend the border of race, language and culture especially in the last five years. The research proposes to analyze the data and evaluate it from the various perspectives so that an unbiased and detailed outcome could be reached on the impact of Church on these two communities which have overcome cross cultural barriers to forge long lasting relationships that promotes professional and personal excellence in the field

Triumph over Lifes Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Triumph over Lifes Challenges - Essay Example Currently, she runs an organization that seeks to help other girls from her continent to make it in life. Vanessa’s family was of a humble setting in the African continent. She was her mother’s only child with no siblings. However, she lacked the privilege of meeting her mother who passed on her after birth. She grew up to find herself in the caring hands of her aged grandmother. Growing up was not an easy thing for her, because the economic status in her home country was not easy. Despite all the challenges, the young girl seemed to be coping well in life and making the best out of the little they had. She was an above average student in school, and financial challenges did not stop her from shining. At the end of her primary schooling, she emerged as a top achiever in the final examinations. This was no meager achievement for her because she lacked most of the basic resources but remained resilience, believing that she would excel. Her exemplary performance saw her re ceive an admission into one of the best schools in her country. The grandmother lacked sufficient funds to support her, but Vanessa was an epitome of determination. Nuns owned the school that she joined, a factor that later worked out very well for her. She remained an exemplary student through high school, a factor that earned her a scholarship organized by the nuns. The first two years of high school lacked major events. However, while she was sixteen, she lost her grandmother, the only family that she ever knew. Although devastated, she knew that it was not time to give up her dreams (Georges). Somehow, she managed to get over the loss and focused on her education. At the end of her four years, she emerged top of the country again. Despite the achievement, she experienced immense loneliness because she lacked family.

The United States Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The United States Constitution - Essay Example The constitution is composed of a preamble, the main body, and amendments (www.enchantedlearning.com, The Constitution of the United States). This very important body of laws sets up the United States with a federal government as the national government plus state governments and specifies the state as a republic, with an elected President, a bicameral congress and a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court (www.enchantedlearning.com, The Constitution of the United States). With all these laws and specifications, we need to know what are behind the minds of the framers who came up with the law of the land. It is important to know how the framers of the Constitution balance the competing claims of local self-government, sectional interests, and the national authority. The Competing Claims of the Local Self-Government We can really see that there is a diversity of the people in the United States. Thus the framers of the Constitution aimed to create a strong government that is receptive and open to the will of the people. But unknown to the people, the concept of the self-government did not begin with the Americans but started in England. To address the issues on diversity of the people, the Articles of Confederation tried to unite these self-governing states. The Constitution was made to balance the claims of these self-governing states. ... They made sure that the powers are not in incongruity with the needs and welfare of the nation as a whole. The framers clarified that the states will continue to possess their powers to matters such as education, public health, business organizations, work conditions, marriage and divorce, local taxation and ordinary police powers. Thus the Constitution was able to provide and address the differences of the states (Targonski, 2000). The Competing Claims of Sectional Interests In a large and diverse country such as the United States, there is no way that there is unity among the interests of the people. Thus there exists faction, groups, organizations, political parties to address there united and common interests among them. These groups are said to endanger the rights of others thus the framers of the Constitution gave their best to mediate and balance these competing sectional interests. The best way to address this problem is to have a proper form of government that must be able t o prevent any faction, whether minority or majority, from imposing its will against the general good. The republican or representative form of government is the best protection from diverse and sectional interest. The best way to mediate and balance these claims is to have them represented to the government. In this way, the sections or factions will not think that they are left out and not given importance by the government. The republican state adheres to the principle of pluralism which is said to address the issues on conflicting passions and interests (Targonski, 2000). The Claims of National Authority It is really difficult for the Unites States to administer and govern a lot of citizens given the 13 states.

Health and Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health and Culture - Essay Example A Culturally Appropriate Health Education Program on HIV/ AIDS for Africa Relationships and Expectations One of the most important features in an AIDs prevention campaign would be â€Å"the cultural, social and economic constraints on most African women’s ability to comply with advice to limit partners and use condoms† (Peltzer, 2001, p.171). Poverty and subordination of women are the root causes of women acquiring HIV/ AIDS. Males play the dominant role in sexual relations; hence health promotion campaigns to eliminate HIV/ AIDs should focus on addressing culturally related sexual beliefs and behaviors leading to the disease. In the prevailing traditional family groups, the empowerment of women is crucial to strengthen their position in decision making on life choices. Cultural Empowerment of the Target Group It is important to leverage culture to empower the target group. Interventions should stengthen the currently isolated traditional family systems by informally co nnecting them to the larger national community.

Ethical Considerations Essay Example for Free

Ethical Considerations Essay The conduct of the members of any profession must be of very high standards in professional terms. The Australian Computer Society (ACS) requires very high standards in its Code of Conduct for members so as to be able to earn the credibility as well as the prestige IT professionals deserve. The ACS Code of Conduct does not include many detailed rules as it only focuses on the most essential matters and as such it requires a much broader interpretation. It is mandatory for all members of ACS to comply with the Code of Conduct. The code bears relevance in law in terms of legislation. Awareness of the Code’s requirements by IT professionals is crucial as non-adherence by a member in their field may lead to claims of professional negligence by clients. The regulatory regime of the Internet Censorship Body of Australia gives powers to its subsidiary, the Australian Communications and Media Authority to enforce restriction of Internet Content that is hosted within the country as well as maintaining a black-list of foreign websites by using filtering software. Foreign websites which have or are likely to be refused classification in Australia are target for mandatory filtering in Internet Censorship proposal by the Australian Labor Party-led government since 2008. The import of this proposal is that providers of internet services would be forced to ensure that they block black-listed websites from reaching its customers. Two years later, the policy still awaits enactment as a result of the inexistence of legislation to this effect (Moses 2010). As expected, the proposal for the introduction of mandatory filtering has been met with considerable opposition. Some amount of tension has been generated in Australia. Its opponents have raised various concerns but a few people who are in strong support of the policy welcomed it. In Australia, Internet content is bound by federal as well as state laws on the censorship of internet content. The ACS has an internet filtering body coupled with a taskforce for E-security. The task force provides advice on technical issues and policies concerning internet content and the material that is unsuitable for the viewing by the general society. This provides the basis for the legislation on internet content in Australia. The decision by the Australian government through information minister Senator Stephen Conroy to filter the pages viewed by internet users is consistent with the requirements of the Australian Computer Society (ACS) Code of Conduct and Ethics. The ethical code, in section 4. 1, starts by clearly stating its efforts aimed at advancing the dignity, honor a swell as the effectiveness Information Technology as a profession. It states that in observance of its ethical conduct and high competence standards, every member is supposed to be honest in addition to being forthright and impartial. Members are supposed to be loyal in their service to the community (ACS Code of Ethics 1998). It further states that every member has to put all efforts aimed at increasing the profession’s competence as well its prestige. Every member is required to use the special skill and knowledge they possess towards advancing human welfare. The code of conduct is binding in its requirements. Section NR 4. 3 and section N4. 4 categorically states that the code binds all members with regard to their professional conduct. The implication of this requirement is that once the legislation for the filtering scheme is enacted, all members will have no option other than to oblige. It will automatically take effect because it is backed by both the federal and the state government. This is good news to many parents and school teachers who have always battled delinquent behavior in learners without success. Foreign and unacceptable behaviors on some web pages have been accessed and acquired by minors who are otherwise not supposed to view them and as a result the parents and teachers have been unable to control them (Computerworld Australia 2008). Learning is seriously compromised by the content of these offending websites and filtering them is the only effective solution to ensure that it does not reach the school children. The are some specific internet contents which the government has already outlawed and indeed does filtering. These are the contents that have to do with political parties, euthanasia, video games and racism. On the ethical side of consideration on the government’s decision to filter the content that the public should be allowed to view, this is actually a move in the right direction because left uncontrolled, the public can view anything, just about everything. This automatically leads to moral rot. The advent of the internet has led to a sudden decline in morals in many societies globally and the Australian government is justified in suggesting an ambitious plan to ensure that internet content that is hosted within the country is restricted. It is upon the realization of the dangers posed by overseas websites, more than anything else, that the proposals read out by the information minister were made. It will be of no benefit for the Australian Communications and Media Authority to enforce a restriction on internet content that is hosted from within the country and leave content from outside unchecked as people can always view the pages that thrill them from the foreign websites (The Sydney Morning Herald 2009. It is not surprising that the proposal for mandatory filtering of all internet content whether local or from overseas has been met with mixed reactions (ABC News 2007). The proponents of the filtering of internet content are genuinely concerned that the benefits that these internet pages have are by far outweighed by the harm they bring upon the community, not only in Australia, but in all other countries in the world. The minister was justified in bringing the filtering proposals in his genuine concern to rid the society of the moral rot that, courtesy of unrestricted internet access, has been spreading like the country’s infamous bush fires. The opponents of the proposed legislation on mandatory filtering of both locally hosted and overseas internet pages are on their part justified to object to these requirements in such loud voices as they have. Their objection to this legislation is by a very big percentage motivated by their selfish interest to continue being in the market for all the wrong reasons. Any person or a group of people in business are motivated by the sole interest of making as much profit as they can and as such what they give to their viewers does not matter as much as the profit they stand to get out of it. It gets even worse because they are prepared to go out of their way to give their viewers anything that they view most, bad as it may be (The Digital Liberty Coalition 2008). The ACS code of conduct and ethics in 4. 3 stipulates the values and ideals expected of the members. Members are expected to be professionally responsible and display integrity in their actions. They are supposed to deal with clients and the community, students and employees in a responsible way and with integrity. This requirement is good in terms of ethics and it can minimize the number of obscene and violent web content if adhered to by all internet providers. The general society needs to be protected from some pages whose influence is negative to the society. Section 4. 3. 4 further binds the members of ACS by ensuring social responsibility in their work to the society. It states that all members should make it their duty to ensure that they uplift and improve their clients’ quality of life. This is a big calling but it must be adherered to in order to preserve and improve the lives of all the people they work for. It is unethical for any IT specialist to upload a morally corrupting page on the internet to be viewed by others who would otherwise do a lot better without it. The proposal by the information minister borrows mainly from the ACS code of conduct as it spells out clearly all the rules that IT professionals should follow so that they can preserve the prestige and dignity the profession is supposed to have. This is in section 4. 3. 5 under Information Technology Profession in which every member is expected to promote the integrity of their profession. The members must do their work in respect of the profession and for one another. Section 4. 5. 1 of the ethics code makes it mandatory for all members to preserve continuity in the services of information technology as well as to put information flow in their care. This clearly means that all members are bound by the requirement to strive to ensure that the consumers of their services get only what they are supposed to get. They must give only the useful information to the general public which constitutes their client base. Material that has been refused classification by the regulatory authority should not be uploaded because of the dangers it portents (Electronic Frontiers Australia 2008). The IT profession is a beneficiary of such a move as proposed by the information minister as it would regain its name as a respectable profession and people would have more respect for IT professionals which has of late been declining due to the actions of some unscrupulous IT specialists who have made it their habit to posting pages whose content can not do any good to the society (ABC News 2007). The general society as a whole will be the overall winners from this legislation to the detriment of those who have made it their business by sending to the innocent viewers corruptible web content. The hands of the IT professionals who may harbor ill motives are tied by clause number 4. 6. 5 which clearly states that all members of ACS must bear the responsibility of their work. If any of them posts a page that is in the opinion of the ACS disciplinary board; immoral or unsuitable for viewing by the general public, then their conduct shall be found to be unethical and the appropriate disciplinary action will be carried out on them.

Open Innovation Essay Example for Free

Open Innovation Essay In light of the trend towards open innovation, inter-organizational technology transfer by means of alliances and licensing has become a key component of the open innovation processes. In this assignment we will discuss how open innovation can be the key of success and open up different opportunities, describe innovation in terms of what managerial consequences it can have on a company and try to find out what can be the driving forces of innovation in a company. The company We have chosen W. L. Gore Associates, Inc. as an example of an innovative company. Gore does research in use of its advanced technology in four main areas: electronics, industrial, medical and fabrics. The company is American, founded in 1958 and today it has about 7000 employees and facilities in more than 30 countries. (Gore 1, 2011) W.L. Gore Associates is a company with a long history of innovation. In the beginning RD and product development was conducted inside the organizational boundaries and the firms’ critical technological knowledge was primarily developed and applied in-house, in other words they pursued traditional, closed innovation processes. (Lichtenthaler et al. 2010) In recent decades, W.L. Gore Associates also actively collaborate with external partners throughout the innovation process. They do this in two ways: Firstly, Gore acquire technology from external sources to complement their internal RD through strategic alliances which is known as inward technology transfer and requires absorptive capacity to acquire and utilize external knowledge (Lichtenthaler et al. 2010).One example is the strategic alliance with Sefar AG for the Architectural Fabrics Texchtestile 2009 in Frankfurt am Main (Gore 1, 2011). Secondly, they exploit their own technology in outbound open innovation processes through licensing agreements to generate additional income, which requires desorptive capacity to transfer technological capabilities outwards (Lichtenthaler et al. 2010). One example is the licensing programs for products made with Gore-Tex ® fabric and fibers (Gore 1, 2011). Absorptive capacity depends on path dependency because, it requires the ability to recognize, assimilate, and apply external knowledge in the context of innovation and learning processes. On the other hand, desorptive capacity determines the potential volume of technology transfer based on two process stages; identification and transfer of a firm’s technology portfolio (Lichtenthaler et al. 2010). However, outward technology transfer or licensing of a particular technology may not always be permitted by management, especially for the core technologies, because of the competitive threats and risk of losing competitive advantage. Innovation Virtually all of Gores thousands of products are based on just one material, a versatile polymer ePTFE, which the company engineers to perform a wide variety of functions (Carter, 2002). Gore has been granted more than 2,000 patents worldwide in a wide range of fields, including electronics, medical devices, and polymer processing (Gore 1, 2011). Gore uses a type of open innovation strategy, keeping control of its core technology and licenses the use and allows for innovation within a particular field to its licensees. Baudreau and Lakhani claim that Gore is using product platform innovation, where the control of the platform (ePTFE) is shared between external developers and Gore, as Gore provide the core technology, which the licensees innovate on and then sell the developed products to the final consumer. External innovators (other companies) and customers can transact freely as long as they affiliate with the platform owner. Gore maintains some control through the rules and regulations they impose on their licensees (Boudreau et al. 2009). The platform design theory closely resembles the type of open innovation that Chesbrough names â€Å"architect†; the company develop architecture to allow for platform design, where external innovators can further develop the technology (Chesbrough, 2003). Driving forces An interesting question is what drives Gore to be an innovative company. We have taken a look at what is driving the company to produce innovations and we have found a mix of technology-push and demand-pull. We have deduced that in the beginning of Gore’s history, they used technology-push. We base this argument on their focus on developing a technology and putting it on the market. Wilbert L. Bill while working at DuPont saw potential in a certain polymer called polytetrafluoroethylene, or PTFE (Gore 1, 2011). In 1969, the discovery of a remarkably versatile new polymer known as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (or ePTFE), led the enterprise from industrial products into new applications in medical, fabric, and electronics markets. They make medical products which are used in vascular, cardio-thoracic, plastic and orthopedic surgeries, their cables are used in computers and even travelled to the moon, their fibers are used in everything from chemical processing to industrial pumps, their fabrics protects from rain. They have such a big variety of product range that it can be found everywhere and in everything, including automobiles (Deutschman, 2004, Rothwell 1994). Today, customer preferences are an important part of the innovation process. For Gore the customer needs is a huge driving force for innovation. They use consumer inspired innovation to develop new products, in particular, lead users who help develop products that suit their needs. (Schaldecker B 2011)The next step is to use technology to make the idea into a real product. This â€Å"customer focus† shows us that demand-pull is important as well. One hands-on example is the way Gore is using lead users in product development. Although it is productive to use lead-users who know what they want, they don’t need to be loyal to only one company. This can result in companies using the same lead-users which increase the risk for exploiting confidential information. The race to reach the market first becomes even more crucial (Rothwell 1994). We believe the main driver for technology licensing by Gore is generating revenues. Other strategic drivers are: selling products in addition to licensing technology. â€Å"These additional product sales are achieved due to enhanced demand because of a second source of supply/../ or by licensing a technology to a weak rival in order to deter entry of a stronger competitor† (Lichtenthaler, 2007). â€Å"Technology licensing may be motivated by the realization of learning effects, which result in the compression of a firm’s learning curve† (Lichtenthaler, 2007), meaning the licensee transfers knowledge to the licensor, allowing for faster learning. Moreover, the acquisition of external technology or intellectual property gives access to another firm’s technology portfolio; for example Gore acquired intellectual property of NMT Medical, Inc. on October 19, 2011, who has the best medical therapy for the prevention of recurrent stroke and transient attack (Flagstaff, 2011). Besides, Gore can enhance its reputation by licensing out technological knowledge and guarantee its technological leadership by licensing out technology. Finally, a company can license out technology to strengthen its inter-organizational networks. Thus, technology licensing in turn maintain, increase and expand a firm’s networks (Lichtenthaler, 2007). Managerial Consequences Firms can capture value from technology and with the trend towards open innovation firms actively transfer technology to other organizations. This licensing dilemma could have both negative and positive consequences. Licensing could decrease profits in their product business which could substantially weaken competitive position, on the other hand active technology licensing could increase revenues which are a necessity in order to gain and sustain a competitive advantage. However, â€Å"the negative consequences of licensing often seem to be overcompensated by positive effects† (Lichtenthaler, 2007, p 67). To facilitate the positive effects of licensing, firms need to develop dynamic capabilities of technology licensing by exploring continuous innovation to seize monetary and strategic opportunities while avoiding potential negative effects by process systematization in internal technology exploitation. The strategic licensing opportunities need a completely different management, when the interdependence between internal and external technology exploitation increase they require a relatively integrated approach and assignment of dedicated employees to technology licensing (Lichtenthaler, 2007). As we stated before Gore concentrate on core competence and they nurture it through the employees, or associates as Gore call them (Gore 2, 2011). To be able to create an innovative atmosphere the organization has an open and informal corporate culture with little hierarchy. There are no formal bosses and they have self-evaluating systems where compensation is decided by teams of colleges evaluating each other (ibid). A quote from an employee: â€Å"Your team is your boss, because you dont want to let them down. Everyones your boss, and no ones your boss (Deutschman, 2007). In order to give incentives to perform in the best interest of the company, employees also get shares in the company (symbolizing the rising value of the whole company) that they can cash in when they retire or leave (Deutschman, 2007). The structure of the organization is designed to create innovativeness and focuses on teamwork were employees with mixed roles are put in small teams to collaborate. The facilities never exceed a work force of 150-200 employees, to get a more personal environment where everyone knows each other (Deutschman, 2007). This can be seen as type of networking, which is a contributing factor to the success of innovative organizations (Rothwell, 1994). A part of the employees work time (10%) is set off for free of choice â€Å"dabble time†; thinking of new ideas on their own (Harrington, 2003). These are some signs of a flatter and flexible organization structure like those which Rothwell (1994) describes as important success factors for innovative organizations. To sum up we see that the innovative core have a large impact on managerial consequences as how to deal with the employees. The open innovation gives Gore more options, looking outside the company means that the company doesn’t need to have a lot of resources and capabilities in-house to make money from commercializing a product (Chesbrough, 2003). We have deduced it allows for exploration without complete exploitation, letting Gore build up capabilities in researching and core competences, while still making money out of side-track inventions. Instead of having to be completely ambidextrous, Gore can be specialized in research in some technologies and ambidextrous in others (Gupta, 2006). Conclusions On the example of W. L. Gore Associates, Inc we analyzed the open innovation strategy which is perused nowadays by a lot of the most successful and innovative companies with the aim of successful inter-organizational technology transfer. Alliances and licensing happen to be the most common form of technology transfer in the open innovation process. Gore implements a strategy of exploration in its innovation activities as well as exploitation. Although, exploiting your own innovation is important, the Gore example shows us how concentrating on innovation exploration together with open innovation strategy through licensing and alliances can help to win markets which you will never reach by your own.

Qin Shi Huang In Society And Modern Media History Essay

Qin Shi Huang In Society And Modern Media History Essay Scholars debate over Qin Shi Huang Dis legacy that he left after his reign 2,200 years ago. To the western public, he has been perceived as a disillusioned, power-hungry, tyrannical man whose lust for immortality he sought brought about the buried legacy of perfect, baked clay models dating from before the birth of Christ. In the last 50 years or so, his history has been re-analyzed into a colossus of a historical figure in Chinese history almost equivalent to Alexander the Great and Caesar rolled into one. By ruthless force of will, he bound warring states together and knit them into a tightly centralized system, standardized Chinas language and law, and built major structures such as the early Great Wall of China. Even the style of his coinage, round with a square-shaped hole in the middle, lasted until the dawn of Communist rule. Few other rulers have so shaped the sinews of their country. However, these feats pale in comparison to his greatest legacy, the establishment of a burea ucracy that would survive for more than 2,000 and would be the largest in the world, staffed by educated men and reaching to the lowest peasant in the land (Wood). The view held by the western public reflects the darker aspects of his life. Despite his massive reforms in the economic and political systems of China, he also garnered the reputation of being an oppressive and borderline psychotic ruler, the most commonly cited example being the Great Wall of China, which was built with hundreds of thousands of conscripted workers in such a small timeframe that thousands were overworked to their deaths. (Many of these workers are believed to be actually buried within the Great Wall) Perhaps one of the greatest stories that personified these psychotic and tyrannical tendencies is one regarding his obsession with immortality. In an attempt to obtain the fabled elixir of life, he dispatched thousands of people to Penglai mountain. When none returned (because failure meant execution), he se nt another expedition consisting of three men, only to be offered the feeble excuse that they had been frightened off by a gigantic fish. He duly set off to shoot it with a repeating crossbow, though despite his attempts, the elixir continued to elude him. His next attempt, immortality pills, consisting of mercury, which his alchemists assured would confer the same power that the substance displayed in absorbing gold, would prove fatal. The dynasty he had promised to last for thousands of years would barely struggle through a decade. The root of Chinas current alteration of the perception of Qin Shi Huang Di roots from the similarities derived between Qin Shi Huang Di and Mao Ze Dong. Both were inspirational leaders who united China in their times of need. Qin Shi Huang Di united China following a 200 year period, known as the Warring States period, creating a political entity recognizable as the China we know today. Similarily, Mao Ze Dong united a war-torn China following the collapse Qing dynasty, managing to create stability in a land which was used as World War IIs battlefield. However, the similarities do not end there. Qin Shi Huang Di was also know for his massive public works projects, often recruiting hundreds of thousands of workers at the expense of tens of thousands of lives à ¿to complete great engineering marvels such as the Great Wall of China, the Lingqu Canal, and the Mausoleum of the First Emperor. Mao Ze Dong similarly ordered huge public works projects, such as dams, canals and other infrast ructure projects, which millions of peasants and prisoners had been forced to toil on and in many cases die for. However, these projects often proved useless as they had been built without the input of trained engineers, whom Mao had rejected on ideological grounds. Other policies set out during Maos reign parallel Qin Shi Huang Dis actions during his reign. For example, both were extremely well known for their persecution of intellectuals in their empires that Mao would later be quoted as bragging: He [Qin Shi Huang Di] buried 460 scholars alive; we have buried 46,000 scholars alive. As Tun Dun, the musical composer for Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon and Hero, would put it, Qin Shi Huang Di was pretty much like Mao Zedong. He unified China. He made the language, made the measuring system, made the currency. With these similarities, it would come as no surprise that the Communist party, just as it has protected the reputation of Mao in order to defend both the legitimacy of his leade rship and the foundation of the Communist government in China, would protect the reputation of Qin Shi Huang Di in a similar manner lest Mao be compared to Qin Shi Huang Di in a historical sense. The Communist government has commonly censored foreign films, a practice almost completely alien to Americans. Instead of a free speech clause in their equivalent Constitution, the Communist government is allowed completely control over the media world of China. Especially with foreign films, the Communist government uses a list of criteria to screen the film from the following attributes: Criticism against social order and government Disruption on the unity of various ethnicities of the state Endanger the sovereignty and territorial of the state. Endanger security of the state; harm the public reputation and interests of the state. Disrupt the unity of various nationalities of the state Divulge a state secret Advocate inappropriate sexual relationship; violate moral standard, or obscene content; having strong visual stimulation; tempt people degeneration Advocate superstitious belief; offense against social order Advocate violence; appeal people despise dignity of law; tempt crime; disrupt public security If failing to meet any of these requirements, the movie is typically banned from the country. While the Communist government has long had a stronghold on foreign films and has gained a strong reputation recently for its restriction of foreign films, domestic films face even closer scrutiny. While foreign movies must be screened by censors, domestic productions must submit their plots and final product for approval. The examination period for reviewing in the first step is 15 days, examine fees are based on government policy in different case. In second step, producers get response from censorship department for content should be modified. Last, after modification made accordingly, production will be sent back to review by censorship department. If content has been modified accordingly, the film will then be certified to be broadcasted. In addition, if filmmakers who are not agree with the examination, they are allowed to apply for reviewing no later than 30 days of the first time sub mission. Because of this strict screening process, many of Chinas prominent filmmakers have run afoul of the censors (such as some of the films mentioned below). But the communist governments ability to block unwanted material has withered, thanks to the Internet and a black market that made copies of unauthorized movies available. Hit films often generate tens of thousands of black-market copies, and are generally widely available on pirated DVDs. As the government controls much of the major media within China today, Qin Shi Huang Dis legacy and current perception is altered based on his portrayal in modern media outlets. à ¿Filmography is perhaps the simplest way to reach major audiences. A modern marvel that can instantly reach millions of viewers at once in just days, it comes to no surprise that Qin Shi Huangs greatest appearances in modern media are in movies. The most recent movie to portray Qin Shi Huang Di or reference him would be The Mummy Returns: The Tomb of the Dragon Emperor. However, this movie will not be discussed due to the fact that it is an entirely Western-Based movie and thus, involving no direct influence from the Chinese government and Chinese directors. It is interesting to note that in this movie, many of Emperor Hans signature aspects such as terra cotta warriors or obsession with immortality are based off of Qin Shi Huang Di. The Myth, the next most recent mainstream Chinese movie to feature Qin Sh i Huang Di is indeed directed by a Chinese (Hong Kong) director. However, Qin Shi Huang Di similarly plays a barely supporting role (his persona not even being seen once in the entire film). However, his obsession with immortality and his large mausoleum are referenced as well. Finally, Hero, the third most recent movie to feature Qin Shi Huang Di actually features the emperor on a rather important level. On at least three levels, The Hero violated the consensus of todays Chinese audience. First, ordinary peoples common judgment, which has lasted for thousands of years, that Qin Shi Huang Di was a tyrant, and that tyrants should be condemned. Although the aspiration for a benevolent ruler implied in this view is still a longing under autocratic rule, the condemnation of tyranny is universal. However, the movie Hero is intended to reverse the pubic view towards Qin Shi Huang Di, and goes against the sentiment of the audience. Hero is based on a stance that reverses the judgment towards tyrants. It takes the perspective not of the majority but of a tiny group of people. Second, ordinary peoples general view of martial arts heroes. You have to pay a price for the so-called wandering in the wilderness, but by paying the price you free your heart and spirit, and realize the desire to be in charge of your own life. Peoples general yearning for martial arts and acceptance of it are based on this longing for freedom. But in Hero, when Can Jian and Wu Ming give up their idea of assassinating Qin Shi Huang Di, ostensibly it marks a transcendence of their personal hatred. However, in reality it coincides with the emperors personal ambition, that the world under heaven is the world ruled by the son of heaven, and that consideration of the benefits of the world under heaven is the consideration for the benefit of the son of heaven. The film makes no secret of this view, which is expressed from the mouth of Qin Shi Huang Di: I didnt expect that the one who knows me best, the soul mate who echoes my wants and mind is the one wandering the wilderness. Realistical ly speaking, this movie captures the heart of propaganda towards the legitimacy of Qin Shi Huang Di. Even going so far as to accuse his own officials of calling him a tyrant, Qin Shi Huang Di (the actor) fails to even touch upon the actual actions that made him a tyrant (the building of the Great Wall of China, etc). Instead, he spews out highly theoretical talks of unification, idealized to the point of unreality. Perhaps the greatest indication of this movie aligning its ideals towards Communist ideals is the last translation of Tian Xia, another name for China. Of all the translations of such a name, the most common and literal one being under the heavens, the producers of Hero chose to instead translate it as Our land, to justify Qin Shi Huang Dis conquests. Our Land, the idea that the land is shared by the common person and that it was Qin Shi Huang Dis responsibility to unify China for the sole sake of protecting the common person would have been alien in Ancient Chinese socie ty. The consolidation of power into a single family has been the entire basis of Chinese history (dynasties). It has not been since the start of the Communist rule where the common persons ideals and welfare was truly looked out for by the government. Thus, in summary, Hero was a Communist ideal spouting movie sugar coated in the goodness of martial-arts fight scenes and dramatic and unpredictable plot twists. When the Map is Unrolled, the Dagger is Revealed. This is a famous figure of speech in China, which fits Chen Kaiges latest epic drama perfectly both in story and meaning. It means that only at the end we see peoples real intentions and their true nature. The figure of Ying Zheng (Qin Shi Huang Di) assumes gigantic proportions in this near-Shakespearean tragedy. Hes painted as a fair and just man at the beginning, but he eventually submits to his thirst for power and the dogma of his ancestral mandate. Thanks to pressure and paranoia, Ying Zheng betrays his initial intentions which were to unite all of China peacefully and lead it to years of prosperity. Thats what he initially promises. However, like most politicians, the promises become dead air when he finally reaches his goals. One of Ying Zhengs concubines and the love of his life, Lady Zhao, functions as a counterpoint to the Emperor. A fictional character, shes used by the director to give voice to the masses. She represents people who want humanity to prevail over bloodletting and power-thirsty dictators. These are the people who weep over the senseless loss of life, and want a peaceful solution instead. The film is structured into five acts which lay the groundwork for the final part in which the reluctant assassin Jing Ke plots to kill Ying Zheng. The intricate story might be difficult to follow for someone whos not used to Chinese history, but the script flows well and the characters are developed so effectively that such apparent shortcomings dont really matter at the end. Chen Kaige could have decided to focus on a history lesson, but instead hes more interested in three central characters (Ying Zheng, Lady Zhao and Jing Ke) and their motives. Hes able to create a psychological profile for Ying Zheng, who at first seems in control, but ultimately is the cause of his own undoing. His attempts to bring peace and prosperity to his kin conflict with the danger of holding too much power in ones hands. He cant handle the situation and the consequences are terrible. And guess who pays the price? The same people he was trying to help. Interestingly enough, this movie does not attempt to draw as many parallels between Qin Shi Huang Di and Mao Ze Dong. Dealing with less of his political actions throughout his reign and more with his relationship with his friends and family around him, it is hard to say whether or not the censors in China even bothered to red flag the film. Considering the difficulty of processing this film into anti-Communist propaganda rather a criticism of Qin Shi Huang Dis rule in general, this movie could have easily slipped under the scope of Chinese censors. The Emperors Shadow is an extravagant take on the life and times of Qin Shi Huang Di. Through the friendly relationship between a musician and the Emperor and lavish sets (billed as the most expensive film ever shot in China), it paints an epic picture of Qin Shi Huang Dis rise to power. Realistically speaking, taking out the historical information and the luxurious backgrounds, the movie is really nothing more than the altogether familiar (and relatable) story of two childhood-best-of-friends from different backgrounds and their ideological differences that separate the two. Though he may be portrayed as a ruthless conquerer, he produces some redemptive qualities that would draw him into a more positive light as a character. Qin Shi Huang Dis portrayal is almost identical to the one mentioned in hero as he is portrayed as being concerned with the symbols and identity of the new Qin Dynasty, and the way that these new symbols will come to represent all of China, and be accepted by th e people. In 1996, it did brisk business at the box office during a brief release in five major Chinese cities; but then was banned for censorship reasons. The idea that art could not be controlled by the media (a practice indeed supported during the reign of Qin Shi Huang Di) was also well supported Mao as well. This idea of restricting media in order to control the intellectual in China for both time periods, however, rang a negative light towards the censors, and in a swift act of irony, red flagged and consequently banned the film. However, it should be of note that the film was generally well received by the Western public. For whatever reason, it served as an actual inspiration for the musical The First Emperor. However, again, this was indeed a Western production and thus prospective on Qin Shi Huang Dis rule, which is not relevant to the thesis of this paper. Based upon the few movies portraying Qin Shi Huang Di, it can concluded that the Chinese government has altered Qin Shi Huang Dis perception in modern Chinese culture as a benevolent (if not heroic) figure that directly conflicts the nature of his past in order to draw parallels to and support the Communist government due to many of the similarities between the Chinese Communist party Mao and the emperor. Movies that either seem to conflict with Qin Shi Huang Dis ideals that coincide with Communist party agenda seem to become red flagged by Chinese censors while films that only portray Qin Shi Huang Di in a less than favorable light receive no punishment whatsoever. However, it definitely must be noted that this analysis of the role of the Communist government in Qin Shi Huang Dis is limited in several ways, the first being that the oldest movie with Qin Shi Huang Di was created in the late 90s. However, this only man point further to the similarities of Qin Shi Huang Di and Mao as i t would seem to indicate that Qin Shi Huang Di was too sensitive of a subject to work upon until the advent of the 90s where the Chinese government relatively relaxed their censorship laws. Finally, it must be noted that only three movies were referenced for this analysis due to the fact that there have only been three Chinese-made movies that have featured Qin Shi Huang Di ever created.

Church Burnings :: essays research papers

â€Å"Racism Blamed in Shock Wave of Church Burnings,† read the screaming headline in the New York Daily News. â€Å"The South is Burning: A Rash of Torching at Black Churches Has Resurrected the Ugly Specter of Racism,† chimed in the Toronto Star. Newsweek warned of â€Å"Terror in the Night Down South,† While USA Today reported that â€Å"Arson at Black Churches Echoes Bigotry of Past.†(Fumento 1) In the summer of 1996, the U.S. media widely reported a surge in white racist burnings of black churches in the American South. It all started the Center for Democratic Renewal announced a huge increase in arsons against black churches by whites. Black churches were burning at the rate of one per week, mostly due to arson (Swett 2). The media jumped on the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The racial church burnings soon became issues of Politicians. President Bill Clinton was running for re-election and desperately needed the votes of the black communities. Clinton made the discrimination issue a priority. Clinton held a White House summit on the issue and assigned the FBI to investigate. Eventually, he passed a law authorizing 12 million dollars to fight arsons of churches. During a passionate speech President Clinton shared that he had, â€Å"vivid and painful memories of black churches being burned in my own state when I was a child.† Ironically, historians and civil rights activists in Arkansas could find no mention of any church arsons in the state during his childhood. Furthermore, Al Gore was quoted â€Å"For a very large number of the burnings, what you will find ultimately, I predict, is that a common thread of underlying racism is present.†(Elven 2)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The church burnings had all the makings of a great story: mystery, race, religion and an eerie echo of the past.†(Heyboer 1). Michael Fumento a journalist for the Wall Street Journal wrote, â€Å"It appears that the public may be finally catching on that the black church burning epidemic of 1996 is actually one of the biggest hoaxes to come along in years.† In fact, independent investigations by several reporters, including those at the Associated press, The New Yorker and USA Today have revealed no plague and little evidence of racism. Michael Kelly, reported that fires at churches both white and black had sharply decreased since 1980, and that the overall number in 1994 was the lowest in fifteen years. Kelly explains the rise in church burnings was impart because of copycat arsons who may have been racist but who also had been inspired by the media attention given to the fires.

Quest for Wisdom Essay -- essays research papers

Quest for Wisdom: Two Approaches Two approaches to the â€Å"Quest for Wisdom† that I enjoyed are Walden, by Henry David Thoreau and Man’s Search for Meaning, by Viktor E. Frankl. Both of the authors took similar approaches by using narration of a main segment of their lives to explain their philosophy and how they arrived at their conclusions. Though both conclusions represent individualism they are strikingly different. Thoreau values the doctrines of Transcendentalism, seeking ones inner self through Nature, while Frankl Existentialism values the interpretation of individual experiences and responsibility of ones actions. Thoreau spent years building his approach and developing his own beliefs. Born in Concord, Massachusetts, in July 1817, he developed an early love of solitude and communion with nature. He studied English, history, philosophy, and four different modern languages at Harvard College and graduated in 1837. From 1837 to 1840 he tried jobs unsuccessfully as school teacher and tutor. From 1841 to 1843 he took a job as a gardener and handyman where he was inspired by the exploration and writing about spiritual relationships between humanity and nature, and the ideas of Ralph Emerson. On July 4, 1845 Thoreau started an experiment on Emerson’s land at Walden Pond and spent two years watching, writing, and understanding the power of nature. The only way Thoreau could encounter a relationship with nature was to independently bond with the way of the woods, streams, p...

Capone :: essays research papers

At January 25 1919, the League of Nation was founded. It was an international organization founded after WWI with its constitution being approved by the Paris Peace Conference. The League's goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation and diplomacy *blah blah blah* and so on. This topic will fit perfectly in what we are studying right now, I am not going to talk about it because it is really very boring. (trust me, I read though it) Besides, I found something else far more interesting then this. At the same day (January 25th) 28 years after the League of Nation was founded, a famous gangster died.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alphonse Capone, a famous American gangster during the 1920s and 1930s, had a very special life. When he was thirteen, he joined two gangs, the Brooklyn Rippers and the Forty Thieves Juniors and engaged in crimes. Capone quit high school at the age of fourteen when he fought with a teacher who as beaten up very badly. After staying with small-time gangs for sometime, Capone joined the big gang, the Five Points gang. It was at this time he began working as a bartender at the Harvard Inn. It was at the Harvard Inn, it was there where Capone would engage in a knife fight and was slashed on his face, giving him the nickname that he would bear for the rest of his life: Scarface. Capone later worked for one of the most powerful bosses in the gang called Johnny Torrio. Torrio immediately recognized Capone's talents and by 1922 Capone was Torrio's second in charge, responsible for much of the gambling, alcohol, and prostitution in the city of Chicago. Only a few years later after Torrio's death, Capone took over his place and all his jobs. He then became the boss of the gang. He made a whole lot of money though his illegal activities, some estimates that he was making more than 100 million US dollars a year at that time. Capone was a very smart person, he always did his business through front men and had no accounting records linking him. Although the government knew that he was the one at the back controlling, they did not have anything to prove any of his illegal activities including seventy-one gangland killings or even at least 2 murders he had committed. Till 1927, new laws were passed in 1927, it allowed the federal government to pursue Capone on tax evasion.

Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965

Abolition of The Death Penalty 1040 Words 5 Pages The Abolishment of the Death Penalty As Americans we live in a modern republic under a government constructed to secure the rights of the people. Today's government and judicial systems were forged by our founding fathers as they fought to establish a government free from tyranny and brutality and thereby forming a constitution based on civil liberties. Our country has grown and matured through the centuries and in effect has made changes and alterations as innovations and advancements have deemed necessary. One area where we seem to have evolved at a slower rate is in the archaic and often inhumane judicial laws of the death penalty. The death penalty, a law which strips the civil liberties and violates the human rights of the accused offender, needs to be abolished. If as a nation we are to uphold our integrity it is imperative that the United States embrace the worldwide movement toward the complete abolition of the inhumane act of capital punishment. Intense controversy over the legality of the death penalty in the United States has always been multi-faceted and emotionally charged. Constitutional lawyers insist the founding fathers made provision for the death penalty in the 5th amendment which guarantees â€Å"due process of law before a person can be deprived of life, liberty or property†, while ignoring the 8th amendment which bars cruel and unusual punishments (Singh, 2003). There is no constitutional amendment that gives state or federal governments the authority to proclaim death as a penalty. This is an assumption based on the methods of punishment used in the era of the first colonies. The archaic â€Å"eye for an eye†, â€Å"Annie get your gun† justice has regressed into a self-justifying realm of indecision where it is easier continue in conventional tradition. We need to demand the legal system be held accountable to constitutional laws as written not as interpreted based on history. Death by hanging, firing squads, electrocution, the gas chamber and death by lethal injection are all options still available to those on death row. Each one in progression a little more civilized then the one before it, or so society attempts to convince themselves. The courts, as well as society, need to stop accepting and allowing these gruesome acts of purposely killing another human in the name of justice. In recent centuries the majority of American citizens supported the death penalty believing it served both as a deterrent and as an appropriate response to particularly heinous crimes. Unquestionably, there are heinous acts of crime being committed. Yes, these crimes need to be addressed, victims and their families need validation and offenders needed to be prosecuted, punished and kept from harming others. Yet, in our imperfect legal system and often overzealous prosecution mistakes are inevitable. Seemingly conclusive circumstantial evidence, coerced confessions, emotionally biased witness testimonies, inadequate legal representation and community pressure all fatal ingredients that could lead to a life altering mistake by a jury of the accused peers or a presiding judge. It could be argued that death is what murderers deserve. However, requiring that the punishment fit the crime is an unacceptable principle, we would then have to apply this to all crimes such as rape, assault and torture. While punishment needs to be proportionate to the offense and retribution is sought, these are not sound and objective reasoning for the death penalty. Although some advocates for the death penalty would argue that its merits are worth the occasional execution of innocent people, to maintain the death penalty in the failures of the system is unacceptable (ACLU 2011). Eighty-four years ago, Judge Learned Hand said, â€Å"Our procedure has been always haunted by the ghost of the innocent man convicted† (Law ; Social Inquiry, 2009). The argument for a deterrent of violent crimes cannot be upheld consistently or statistically as a rational determinant. We need to stop allowing our legal system to play off of emotion and the human desire for retribution and begin to acknowledge alternative sentencing such as life in prison without parole. This is more humane as well as cost effective, due to less court appeal fees, separate housing and security costs, and the need for victim validation through life-long punishment is still fulfilled. The death penalty should no longer be a legal option. Once, unequivocally accepted worldwide for a variety of crimes, the death penalty has been widely outlawed in today's progressive society. The United Nations General Assembly imposed a policy that states throughout the world, it is desirable to â€Å"progressively restrict the number of offenses for which the death penalty might be imposed, with a view to the desirability of abolishing this punishment†. As of recent, 140 countries, more than two-thirds of the countries in the world have now abolished the death penalty in law or practice (Amnesty International, 2012). How can America remain influential in speaking with other nations about human rights and civil liberties while leading their own convicted citizens to death row? We need to step out of the hypocrisy and stand with these other countries worldwide and abolish the death penalty. Everyday American school children recite the Pledge of Allegiance in their classrooms repeating â€Å"for liberty and justice for all.† American junior and senior high school students are being taught the history of the United States, the Constitution and Bill or Rights. They learn about civil liberties, American freedoms and the justice of the legal system. Yet, we are not providing them with examples when we continue to implement the death penalty. In an ever advancing country where liberal thinking and tolerance, equality and human rights are encouraged by leaders, we still hold fast to an archaic and unthinkable law, the death penalty. We need to hear the truth in the words of the framers of the constitution, the voice of the world and the cry of those who are appalled by the violation of human rights. The people of this free nation need, with one voice, to call for the abolition of the death penalty.ReferencesAmerican Civil Liberties Union and the ACLU Foundation, 2012, Retrieved March 9, 2012, http://www.aclu.org/capital-punishment/case-against-death-penaltyAmnesty International, 2012,Retrieved March 9, 2012, http://www.amnesty.org/en/death-penalty/abolitionist-and-retentionist-countriesLaw & Social Inquiry, Volume 34, Issue 3, 603–633, summer 2009 Robert Singh, PhD, Governing America: The Politics of a Divided Democracy, 2003

Anthropology or Sociology Essay

In the companionable sciences of sociology and heathen anthropology, police detectives have developed their own alone(predicate) style or research and investigational techniques. piece between these fields some techniques be similar, at that place atomic number 18 some differences. almost differences occur with the philosophical reasons certain techniques argon aimd.In the field of sociology detectives strive to translate social situations and to discover repeating patterns in society (Tischler, p.4, 2007). Two methods that sociologists use are hold observation and opinion research. right away observation involves first hand observations and obtaining breeding from knowledgeable informants of the group that is being studied. mickle research involves the find oution and analysis of development gain grounded through interviews and questionnaires.While there are different reasons and circumstances to use different research methods in the entropy collection proces s, in the field of sociology survey research does have some benefits. In earlier years the construction and boldness of surveys, and statistical methods for tabulating and interpreting their results, were widely regarded as the major sociological research technique (MSN Encarta, 2009). This allows researchers to learning populations on a broader area than using behave observation. It also enables the researcher to gather information on a population in a more(prenominal) efficient manner than some opposite methods. The results from surveys give a look into a groups perspective as a unanimous rather than individualized thoughts and opinions that can differ greatly even in niggling populations.Although sociology is similar to cultural anthropology in that they two larn human behavior, researchers of cultural anthropology flying field such topics as how quite a little stir their living, how deal interact with each other, what beliefs people hold, and what institutions orga nize people in a society (MSN Encarta, 2009). They also use a more direct method to gather data. Traditionally, much anthropological research involves long-term, direct observation of and participation in the liveness of another culture which is known as participant observation (MSN Encarta, 2009). This usually involves the researcher immersing themselves in the culture and living with thepeople they are arenaing.Another method industrious by cultural anthropologists is human ecology, which is the study of how cultures interact with their natural environment. Anthropologists may collect large amounts of data about features of a cultures environment, such as types of plants and animals, the chemical and nutritional properties of medicines and foods, and climate patterns (MSN Encarta, 2009). This information can wait on researcher understand certain characteristics of a peoples culture.While both of these fields of study involve studying people the methods utilise are different. T hey have different purposes in the collection of data. Sociologists mainly study social situations and use less of a direct approach in their research. Cultural anthologists study the culture as a on the whole and any influencing factors. Their use of cultural assimilation and the study of the natural environment border a particular culture are different from a sociologists approach. Despite these differences the goals to improve understand cultures and societies is still the common delineate that is shared between both.ReferencesAnthropology, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Retrieved from whitethorn 25, 2009 fromhttp//encarta.msn.com 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation.Sociology, Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Retrieved May 25, 2009 fromhttp//encarta.msn.com 1997-2009 Microsoft Corporation.Tischler, Henry. 2007. Introduction to Sociology. Belmont, CA Thomson Wadsworth.

Eating Disorders: Anorexia

It has been stated that nearly half of all Ameri buttockss in person know virtuallyone with an eating distract. This paper testament show the danger and effects of Anorexia Nervosa. A hold by the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Dis nightclubs reported that ten dollar bill per centum of anorexics die within ten eld subsequently contracting the indisposition. Anorexia has quaternary primary symptoms vindication to maintaining soundbox free weight at or to a higher place a minimally normal weight for come on and height. Intense fear of weight gain or being fat, heretofore though underweight.Disturbance in the experience of frame weight or shape, excessive influence of weight or shape on ego-evaluation, or denial of the beneficialness of low body weight, loss of menstrual periods in girls and women post-puberty. Eigh teenaged to twenty per centum of anorexics forget be dead after twenty years and only forty part ever full recover. Treatment of an eating disoblige in the US ranges from %500 per day to well-nigh $2,00 per day. The average cost for a month of inmate word s about $30,00. It is estimated that individuals with eating dis raises bespeak whateverwhere from three o six months of convict c atomic number 18.Health insurance companies for several reasons do non typically cover the cost of hold dearing eating disorders. Do you ever think that right now, one percent of all women atomic number 18 starving themselves, some literally starving and exercising themselves to death? Eating disorders be becoming an epidemic they are confusing, complex diseases that more people know little about. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that causes people to obsess about their weight and the fodder they eat. To prevent weight gain or to slip away losing weight, people with anorexia nervosa whitethorn starve themselves or dress excessively.Anorexia Nervosa is described as one of the least dumb and most intrac subm it of all mental affectiones (Schindehette, Sandler, Nelson and Seaman, 2003, p. 136). galore(postnominal) of the victims of this disease will battle it for the rest of their lives. However, if Anorexia Nervosa is diagnosed early, during the teen years, it is possible to cure it with appropriate cut throughment (Cooper, 2001). oer time, the weight loss becomes a sign of deem condition and control. The drive to become thinner is actually secondary to concerns about control and/or fears relating to ones body.Therefore, women struggling with Anorexia Nervosa read effective treatment, and after four decades of research, at that place is an increase number of treatment options ranging from counseling, to nutritional therapy, to medical specialty. Yet, some researchers and victims quieten advocate that there is a need for make headway research in this area (Kaplan, 2002 Hendricks, 2003). In order to formally diagnose an individual with Anorexia nervosa, clinicians turn to the after part edition of the American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, 1994).The DMS-IV lists four criteria that an individual must meet in order to be diagnosed as anorexic, largely A. The individual maintains a body weight that is about 15% under normal for age, height and body type. B. The individual has an vehement fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though they are underweight. Paradoxically losing weight can make the fear of gaining even worse. C. The individual has a distorted body image. Some may recover fat all over, otherwises recognize that they are generally thin but see specific body parts as being too fat.Their self worth is based on their body coat and shape. They deny that their low body weight is serious cause for concern. D. In women, there is an absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles. A woman as well as meets these criteria if her period occurs only eon she is taking a hormone pi ll (Orstoff, M & Hall, L. 1999). Recognizing symptoms, such as strict dieting, weight loss, engorge eating or fasting, feeling dizzy, weak, and/or depressed, in addition to insomnia family members should seek out the advice of a wellness care provider.The health care provider will take a complete aesculapian report as well as do a physical examination (Cooper, 2001). After this wreak is complete, thus the doctor can begin treating the patient with Anorexia Nervosa, which may include referrals to specialists in counseling, nutrition and other medical fields. cardinal tralatitious forms of treatment is counseling, the goal of psychotherapeutics is to work with the patient so that through therapy she or he will be able to control eating and maintain body weight. There are two primary types of psychotherapy, and they are individual therapy and family therapy. one-on-one therapy counsels one on one with the patient. Sometimes there is a team of medical specialists, yet the therap y sessions are between the patient and her doctor(s). This type of therapy has mixed results. fit in to an article in the diary of the American academy of Child and puerile psychiatry (1999), individual therapy is best when used in treating older adolescents and those who have late-onset Anorexia Nervosa (Robin et al. ), and a 2003 publication in The American Journal of Psychiatry concurs with this decideing (Pike, Walsh, Vitousek, Wilson and Bauer).However, both articles findings state that individual therapy is non the best treatment for small adolescents or those with early-onset Anorexia Nervosa. while individual therapy does not work well with younker adolescents or patients with early-onset Anorexia, family therapy seems to have made significant strides in treating this group of patients. In fact the Canadian Journal of Psychiatry stated, without the involvement of the parents and family as therapeutic allies, weight gain is extremely difficult to achieve (Geist, He inmaa, Stephens, Davis and Katzman, 2000).Family therapy may not only employ the assistance of parents and other family members, it can also call on schools and friends as part of the treatment system. One such strategy is a program called the Maudsley Method. This radically new treatment option was developed in the 1980s at the Institute of Psychiatry and Maudsley Hospital in London. This order coaches parents to help their kids gain weight by whatever means necessaryby preparing their favorite foods, with 24-hour supervise to prevent purging and hours of cajoling at the dinner table (Schindehette, Sandler, Nelson and Seaman, 2003, p. 36). Many studies report significantly greater achievement with family based therapy. People magazine (2003) reports that while the mortality rate judge for AN unbosom average around 5 to 20 percent, the Maudsley Method is reporting success rates as high as 90 percent five years after treatment was ab initio sought. Other studies agree that f amily therapy is one of the best treatments for young adolescents and those with early-onset AN (Robin et al. , 1999 Geist, Heinmaa, Stephens, Davis and Katzman, 2000). temporary hookup individual and family therapy two of the more traditional methods of treating Anorexia Nervosa, nutritional therapy, which is called psychoeducational therapy, is also commonly used. The aim of psychoeducation is the process of giving information about the nature of the disease in hopes to cultivate behavioral and attitudinal changes in the patient. Furthermore, a study has reported that family based psychoeducation produces the same results as family therapy while costing less (Geist, Heinmaa, Stephens, Davis and Katzman, 2000).However, these results may not be replicated with a group of older adolescents (Pike, Walsh, Vitousek, Wilson and Bauer, 2003). medication Medication is other method used to treat AN. Using medication, pharmacological therapy, to treat AN also has some promising results. Ac cording to European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, recent evidence suggests a role for medication in the relapse prevention stage of the illness (Kotler and Walsh, 2000). Medication is commonly used along with another form of treatment, as are many of the treatments, too. This is referred to as a multidisciplinary approach.Pharmacological therapy uses medicines that help the patient overturn the fear of becoming fat, depression and anxiety as well as weight gain (Cooper, 2001). While each of these treatments reports success in various groups or when combined with other treatments, there are still individuals who do not feel that the treatments are effective. One such person is Jennifer Hendricks who authored Slim to None, which is a nurse that chronicles her daily struggle with AN. Many times passim the text Hendricks stated that she did not feel that the treatments she was receiving were of any benefit.Christopher Athas, President of the American Institute of Anorexia Nervosa, stated in the foreword of Slim to None, There is a plain inadequacy of the mental health system to treat and fully understand this disease (2003, p. ix). Eventually Jennifer broken her battle and died. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry also states that there is a significant need to find effective management that truly impacts on long-term outcome (Kaplan, 2002, p. 236). Anorexia is not about feeling thin, tall or beautiful take the time to hark to an anorexic and hear that they are feeling fat, unprepossessing and inadequate.

How Tax Cuts can revive the Economy Essay

revenue enhancement income supplys throw been use in the regimens financial insurance oddly during clock of frugal subnormality to amend the parsimoniousness. When the economical system is slumping, the flocks inlet motive similarly slumps. The core solicit for goods and operate in the market similarly f anys. This creates a impact tramp which hits industries equal manufacturing, the accommodate celestial sphere and the dish out sedulousness hard, trail to locomote directs of unemployment (Toomey & Soloveichik 2009).At such(prenominal) a time, a newspaper clipping in revenuees becomes star of the mechanisms accessible for pumping around spirit into the economic system. app lay out cuts for sparing revitalisation fool especially tribe in the get off and mediate classes. When implemented, tax cuts add the centre of liquid income, that is, income later revenue, in the pockets of these people. liquid income is maybe the almost vitu perative agent in consumption.The availability of more specie to cut down in the pockets of the peck raises the merge acquire for goods and serve, creating jobs in the conglomerate area of the economy so castrate magnitude the unprocessed municipal growth (GDP) (Toomey & Soloveichik 2009), a primeval exponent of the secernate of the economy. A cut in taxes industrial plant identical a raise in salary. tax income cuts fall lay out done the multiplier factor center which open fire be be as the ratio of metamorphose amid meld economic make (represented by the GDP) and a potpourri in taxes since non all disposable income aft(prenominal) a reduction in taxation rank genuinely translates to grade consumption.The multiplier, obtained by multiplying the borderline tilt to take with the spending multiplier, is utilise as an index number to the change in financial polity induce presidential term taxes take to top to a craved level of entire ty output. If joined with increase organisation expenditure on services ilk health and direction (which could genuinely be termed as an constituent(a) quit of the cuts or economic stimulus package), tax cuts fundament amend the economy (Toomey & Soloveichik 2009).

Tearing Down the Wall

of alto come upher time since I nominate remember, Ive ever so had a facility for breakthrough as desire as it was in some manner tie in to television set games or technology. If I didnt get by something, I inf in all t grey-haired toldible to go on disc sustain and if I didnt, it would push dget me. If I stop operative on something during the day, I would ideate nigh(predicate) troubleshooting the print during my log Zs or for geezerhood on end. in that respect were a similar generation when I would occlusion up all darkness hardly to puzzle a reck ir virus on my com portioner or lose hours of nap when I hacked a Nintendo Wii for the unwrapgrowth time. thither is no mistrust ab expose it, I fill let out technology.Ive al appearances been told that I am brain and a tinkerer, which is why virtually 10 age afterwards on graduating naughty crop I make the biggest last of my life history. In 2011, I stubborn to go college. legion(predicate ) provoke accepted me, why striket you prickle to shallow? The equity is that I wouldve love to go in effect(p) subsequently graduating from racy naturalize repairly when life threw me a crimp ball. During my aged(a) year, my go and step-father relegate up. My give, a woman of the house who hadnt urinate for or so hexad days after(prenominal) impact my step-father, make me evolve she became devoted to it.My capture was subject to some directions avow my sisters and I because of a shutdown she won, unless alas nil lasts forever. I last gradational broad(prenominal) prep atomic number 18 expecting all of us to unravel into a Eduardo B. Morillo-Perez 2 naked as a jaybird military position bandage my m opposite and I twain take ined, further unfortunately it didnt take form out that way. We locomote finely s gondola carce my things went to a direction and the ataraxis of the contents of our iii sleeping accommodation apartment went i nto storage. I was so at sea and hadnt a steer of what was sledding on. presently teeming, she mentioned something that I neer wouldve expected. Everything is jam-packed and desexualise to go. We are all pass rearward to Ecuador she said.I refused, thusly passing me hither with my belongings, having to digest for myself. I instantaneously lost(p)(p) the sumptuosity of s deprivationing off. I had to consummation whatsoever labor in stock(predicate) rightful(prenominal) so I could conciliate the acquire and non starve. I didnt wee mammy or pa to ask for money. I had to flummox up with smutty customers at a unfluctuating solid food eatery and world interpreted gain by other co-workers because I didnt go to bed how to concentrate up for myself. I bring in tried to go screening to take aiming and went thinking the right protocols of selection out forms, write es registers, passage on interviews besides I could neer get in without having to bre ak for everything out of pocket.The biggest vault was financial-aid. delinquent to the incident that I was of authoritative age, I was alleviate considered a certified and I had to cater my scrams appraise information. The only way I could view as that waived was if I was married. It was then(prenominal) when I grew cold, bitterly and blamed my aim for all my set stakes. I matte up up lost and alone. I felt like I had no one to fleck to. As days flew by, I started noticing that I was use my sustains slackness and lack of absence seizure as a crutch, hindering my mount up the stallion time. I am not a spiritual person, I neer was, besides someway I of all time notion certain things happen for a evidence.In 2009, I got reacquainted with an old flare from tall school. We in short began to apprehension up on things from the past(a) and currently enough she put the moves on me and the Eduardo B. Morillo-Perez 3 stick around is history. I ass honestly say that she is the sole reason I firm to back to school patronage what anyone told me. When Olivia prototypal met me once more for the prototypic time, I was brio by myself in a style trance working(a) a daily sell transaction at the airport. solid antecedent nigh intravenous feeding geezerhood later and you outright fix a second-year electronic computer knowledge major with a 3. 5 grade point average who has his own car and is vigorous on his way to work on the contiguous comfort station or program.